![]() As the penetration depth of the light depends on its wavelength, green and yellow LEDs are most suitable to take measurements in the superficial blood flow and are typically used in reflection mode. PPG sensors can be used either in reflection or in transmission mode. We'll demonstrate how to model human skin in Ansys Zemax OpticStudio for physiological measurements, illustrate how to simulate time-dependent PPG-based heart rate monitoring using the ZOS-API, and show you how to validate the overall design by analyzing motion and pressure effects on measurement accuracy using Ansys Speos, Ansys Workbench, and Ansys Mechanical. One of its most widespread applications is the wearable optical heart rate sensor included in commercially available smart bands, sports bracelets, and watches that provide comfortable and continuous pulse monitoring during everyday tasks. Because light is more strongly absorbed and scattered by the blood than by the surrounding tissue, this technique can also be used to detect blood volume changes in the tissue. ![]() PPG devices consist of infrared or visible range light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and photodetectors. Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a low-cost, non-invasive optical technology that takes physiological measurements on the surface of the skin. ![]()
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